legal and regulatory avenues to existing legislation regarding online pornography and online behaviour such as sexting and the sharing of explicit images.Three key types of intervention have been identified: Australian Government and non-government services have taken steps to reduce children and young people's exposure to online risks - including pornography - and enact harm minimisation strategies. Responding to online pornography exposure and other risksĮxposure to explicit online content may cause children and young people to develop different "sexual literacies" to previous generations. In particular, the physical aggression (slapping, choking, gagging, hair pulling) and verbal aggression such as name calling, that is predominantly done by men to their female partners. Sexual preoccupation, compulsive consumption and "addiction" can be associated with the frequency of viewing pornography and also the purposes of using pornography (e.g., as a way of relieving negative states).While some of the effects of viewing pornography, such as more permissive attitudes and beliefs about sex, knowledge about sexual practice and sexual practices themselves may not be inherently problematic, the most dominant, popular and accessible pornography contains messages and behaviours about sex, gender, power and pleasure that are deeply problematic. There is evidence of an association between consuming pornography and perpetrating sexual harassment for boys.Īdolescents who consumed violent pornography were six times more likely to be sexually aggressive compared to those who viewed non-violent pornography or no pornography. Pornography may strengthen attitudes supportive of sexual violence and violence against women. Male adolescents who view pornography frequently are more likely to view women as sex objects and to hold sexist attitudes such as women "leading men on". The content of pornography may reinforce double standards of an active male sexuality and passive female receptacle.īoth male and female consumers of pornography had increased levels of self-objectification and body surveillance.Īdolescent pornography use is associated with stronger beliefs in gender stereotypes, particularly for males. Gaps between expectations and reality can produce "sexual uncertainty" about sexual beliefs and values and may also be related to sexual dissatisfaction, anxiety and fear. Pornography is also associated with unsafe sexual health practices such as not using condoms and unsafe anal and vaginal sex. It can shape sexual practices, with studies finding that young people may try performing common sexual acts seen in dominant hetero pornography such as: Pornography can influence a young person's expectations about sex, for example what young men expect their partners to do and vice versa. There is some evidence that exposure to pornography can increase the likelihood of earlier first-time sexual experience, particularly for those adolescents who consume pornography more frequently. The use of pornography by adolescents is associated with stronger permissive sexual attitudes (e.g., premarital sex, casual sex). In the absence of other information, pornography can be the main source of a young person's sex education. The underlying factors that enable sexual violence and violence against women, such as rigid stereotypes of masculinity and femininity, gendered inequality regarding decision-making and resources in private and public life, male peer relationships that condone aggression, and minimising, excusing and rationalising violence against women.Social scripts and discourses about men, women and sex, such as "once aroused, men cannot control themselves", "women say no when they mean yes", "women often play hard to get", "it's men's role to pursue women".The range of online risks children and young people experience, for example the dynamics and prevalence of cyberbullying, sexting, exploitative relationships and connections online.Being online and connected is a fundamental part of children and young people's everyday lives and relationships
Online technologies, platforms and practices in general, and more specifically how children and young people interact with the online environment.
Any discussion of pornography and its effects on children and young people needs to acknowledge that pornography and its consumption is embedded within a broader sociocultural context.
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